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- Human Interface Notes
- _____________________________________________________________________________
-
- Note #2: Design Principles for On-Line Help Systems
-
- Written by: Kathleen Gomoll & Anne Nicol January 1990
- (Supersedes Human Interface Update #12)
-
- _____________________________________________________________________________
-
- Discussion of a set of criteria and guidelines for on-line help.
- _____________________________________________________________________________
-
- Introduction
-
- As part of an ongoing effort to design and support a consistent interface
- to on-line help for our computers, Apple has been developing a set of
- criteria and guidelines for on-line help. These criteria are based on
- observations of users in our lab, reviews of the research, requests and
- comments from our developers, and--last, but not least--the Human Interface
- Guidelines: The Apple Desktop Interface. This is a working document. It
- reflects Apple's current view on designing on-line help, and we will probably
- revise and expand it as we progress. In the future, we intend to distribute
- specific guidelines regarding access to on-line help and the display of help
- information. Ultimately, we hope to supply toolbox support for the interface
- features that we find, through user testing, to be most effective.
-
- This document is divided into three sections: Principles, General guidelines,
- and Hints for structure and organization. The Principles section reflects
- Apple's underlying design philosophy for on-line help. The General guidelines
- section puts guidelines for designing on-line help into the context of the
- principles outlined in Human Interface Guidelines. Finally, the Hints section
- lists suggestions for organizing and structuring help information. These hints
- come from developers and from current research.
-
-
- Principles
-
- On-line help should never be a substitute for good interface design.
-
- This is our first and foremost principle. Before setting out to build a
- help system that "explains" a difficult interface, try to identify what makes
- the interface difficult--and fix the problems. When you have made your
- interface as clear as it can be, then develop a help system that aids users
- as they work.
-
- Help should be context-sensitive; it should not take the user away
- from the task at hand.
-
- Perhaps the biggest complaint users have about help systems is that they
- don't want to leave their current application to get help. When users are
- forced to leave the context of their problem, they often forget the specifics
- of the problem. Also, users often have trouble applying the help information
- once they get back to the application because the help is no longer visible.
-
- Help systems should assist users in framing their questions and provide
- different types of help for different questions.
-
- When users need help, they often turn to local experts and ask questions.
- Human experts are often able to help users frame their questions so they can
- get the appropriate answer. Once the right question has been asked, help can
- be delivered quickly. Users' questions fall into a relatively small number of
- distinct categories, and those categories call for different types of assistance.
- For example, we can make a clear distinction between the question "What is
- this?" and the question "How do I do this?"
-
- Help systems should be dynamic and responsive to individuals.
-
- Different users need different kinds of help because they have individual
- learning styles and needs. For example, some users may want to be shown
- exactly how to do something, while others may want to explore and learn by
- their mistakes. If possible, on-line help systems should make use of the
- user's competence, learning style, level of experience and past actions to
- provide appropriate help.
-
- Users shouldn't need help on how to get help.
-
- Help systems should be structurally simple and self-explanatory.
- Although your help system may require a few words of instruction
- (like "click here" or "select a topic"), don't fall into the trap
- of turning your help system into a complicated application that
- requires lengthy instructions.
-
-
- General Guidelines
-
- Make help accessible through recognition, not recall.
-
- See-and-point (instead of remember-and-type): Users can
- choose any available action at any time--without having to
- remember a particular command or name. This paradigm
- requires only recognition, rather than recall, of the desired
- activities.
-
-
- Put the help system under the user's control.
-
- Direct manipulation: Users want to feel that they are in
- charge of the computer's activities. The user, not the
- computer, initiates and controls all actions. If the user
- attempts something risky, the computer provides a warning,
- but allows the action to proceed if the user confirms it.
- This approach "protects" the beginner but allows the user to
- remain in control.
-
- Support exploratory behavior by making an interactive help system.
-
- User Control: People learn best when they're actively
- engaged. Too often, however, the computer acts and the user
- merely reacts within a limited set of options. Allow users
- to try things out.
-
- Place help options where they are visible to the user.
-
- Direct manipulation: Users want topics of interest to be
- highlighted. They want to see what functions are available
- at any given moment.
-
- See-and-point: Users rely on recognition, not recall; they
- shouldn't have to remember anything the computer already
- knows.
-
- Use graphics, animation, and sound.
-
- Principles of Graphic Communication: The real point of
- graphic design, which comprises both pictures and text, is
- clear communication. In the Apple Desktop Interface,
- everything the user sees and manipulates on the screen is
- graphic.
-
- Metaphors from the real world: Whenever appropriate, use
- audio and visual effects that support a real-world metaphor.
- Use animation for modeling user actions. Use sound for
- orienting attention and reinforcing information.
-
-
- Hints for Structure and Content
-
- On-line help should not be simply an on-line version
- of the print documentation.
-
- As a method for communication, computers provide
- opportunities that books can't provide. Use the computer's
- capacity to its fullest by designing a help system that
- brings help to the user rather than requiring the user to
- page through an on-line book. Use the computer to link
- information in useful ways, and to create graphics, sound,
- animation, and examples.
-
- Organize the help system in very small, addressable
- chunks of information.
-
- By creating a help system that is modular, you allow
- tremendous flexibility. Small chunks of information can be
- grouped in strategic ways to provide users with only the most
- relevant information.
-
- Include both search and browse capabilities.
-
- Build a "find" feature into your help system to allow users
- to quickly search for specific topics. Also allow users to
- browse through available help topics, since it's often easier
- to recognize a topic than to think of an appropriate keyword.
-
- Allow users to discard help.
-
- Users should never be forced to use the help system to use an
- application. A help system should always be an optional aid.
-
- Make the help system customizable and editable.
-
- To make the most efficient use of a help system, users should
- be able to customize and edit the information to suit their
- own needs. For example, users may want to put a marker on a
- piece of information they access frequently, or they may want
- to eliminate or change information that doesn't suit their
- needs.
-
- Include help information that can be delivered automatically.
-
- Sometimes users make the same error repeatedly. Rather than
- waiting for the user to ask for help, the help system should
- be able to detect problems and offer help automatically.
-
- Incorporate hypertext features for linking information.
-
- Hypertext allows users to press "buttons" to receive context-
- sensitive help in as much or as little depth as they require.
- By linking chunks of help information in logical ways, you
- can develop a help system that is responsive to users'
- immediate needs.
-
- Use the help system to inform users about short-cuts.
-
- Short-cuts are facts that experts typically know. A help
- system that volunteers answers without forcing users to ask
- questions can help novices become experts.
-
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
- Suggested Readings
-
- Apple Computer, Inc. (1987). Human Interface Guidelines: The
- Apple Desktop Interface. Reading, MA: Addison-
- Wesley Publishing Co.
-
- Borenstein, N.S. (1985). The Design and Evaluation of On-line
- Help Systems. Ph.d thesis, Carnegie-Mellon
- University.
-
- Christensen, M. (1984). Background for the Design of an
- Expert Consulting System for On-line Help. Thesis
- proposal, Temple University.
-
- Owen, D. (1986). Answers first, then questions. In D.A.
- Norman & S.W. Draper (Eds.), User Centered System
- Design, (p. 361-375). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
-